"Det var främlingar och dock fränder" : Estlandssvensk identitetsformering med visor som verktyg
Joons Gylling, Sofia (2024-04-05)
Joons Gylling, Sofia
Åbo Akademi
05.04.2024
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https://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-952-12-4368-4
https://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-952-12-4368-4
Abstract
The aim of this dissertation is to show how music and especially songs have participated in creating and expressing cultural belonging among Estonia-Swedes. In connection with this, the ideas behind the formation of a common Estonia-Swedish cultural heritage are examined as well.
In three separate articles, each based on a specific song material, answers are sought to the main research question of how songs contributed to form, express and strengthen different forms of Estonia-Swedishness from the mid-19th century onwards. Sub-questions raised are what kinds of musical practices the songs have been part of and how identity formations with songs have changed over time. Other sub-questions are how songs from other cultures have been picked up by Estonia-Swedes and what impact these songs have had on identity formations. A final set of sub-questions aims to shed light on the actors, who initiated and promoted Estonia-Swedish identity formations with songs as a tool, and the ideological bases and purposes that guided their activities.
Musical practices are approached in broadly, including activities such as singing, collecting lyrics in songbooks, listening to songs, writing about song performances, and remembering songs. A consistent feature is that cultural identity formation is seen as a processual, multi-layered process. The focus is on finding out where, when, how and by whom Estonia-Swedishness is formed, expressed or strengthened with songs. The analysed identity formations occur mainly in four different social spheres: the individual, the subcultural, the local/domestic and the regional. Beyond the spheres individuals experience in everyday interactions, there is evidence of broader imaginative spheres such as the Pan-Swedish.
The core of the research material consists of three sets of songs that differ from each other in terms of use and function. The three sets of songs can be categorized as a singer-songwriter’s songs, traditional wedding-songs and songs in handwritten songbooks. The analysis is based on reconstructions of the songs’ social settings. For this reason, supplementary research material has been collected from archives, printed sources and through interviews and email correspondence. In analyses of communication acts within social settings, three main kinds of song use occurred: song publication, song performance and entering lyrics in songbooks by hand.
The first article, “Ett värdefullt arv till kommande generationer av estlandssvenskar”: En analys av kulturarvsprocesser kring utgåvor med visdiktaren Mats Ekmans visor [“A Valuable Heritage for Future Generations of Estonia-Swedes”: An Analysis of the Cultural Heritage Processes Surrounding the Publications of Songs by the Singer-Songwriter Mats Ekman], analyzes the emergence of cultural memory and cultural heritage processes on the basis of publications of an Estonia-Swedish singer-songwriter’s lyrics after the majority of the population group migrated to Sweden during World War II.
The second article, Estlandssvenskar på Sverigeturné med körsång och ett bondbröllop på Skansen: En analys av en svenskspråkigs minoritets musikaliska bilder av sin kulturella tillhörighet under mellankrigstiden [Estonia-Swedes on Tour in Sweden with Choir-Singing and a Farmers’ Wedding in Skansen: An Analysis of a Swedish-Speaking Minority’s Musical Self-Images of its Cultural Belongings during the Interwar Period] is an analysis of reconstructed social settings in which wedding-songs were first collected, later used on stage during a tour in Sweden and finally described in newspapers. The title of the dissertation, “they were strangers and still kinsmen”, is a quote from one of the articles published in 1930 after performances in Sweden. Seen as a whole, the tour expresses two cultural belongings: pan Swedish and Estonia-Swedish.
In the third article, Visböcker i kulturella gränsland. Gemenskaper i estlandssvenskars handskrivna visböcker [Songbooks in Cultural Borderlands. Communities in Estonia-Swedes’ Handwritten Songbooks], the focus is on how Estonia-Swedes got in contact with other cultures while creating songbooks with lyrics in standard Swedish and Estonian. Spiritual songs are mainly in Swedish but the songbooks with profane songs become increasingly bilingual during the 1920s and 1930s. The concluding part of the article shows that the spiritual lyrics are a sign of connection with a Christian Pan-Swedishness while the profane lyrics are signs of multiple convergences with popular youth culture in Sweden, Swedish-speaking Finland, and Estonian-speaking Estonia.
In the discussion section, I first focus on themes that have become actualised in the study: Estonia-Swedes’ identity formation with songs in the light of cultural uniformity, cultural distance, and cultural continuity. Finally, I also discuss what kind of identity-forming tool songs have shown to be.
In three separate articles, each based on a specific song material, answers are sought to the main research question of how songs contributed to form, express and strengthen different forms of Estonia-Swedishness from the mid-19th century onwards. Sub-questions raised are what kinds of musical practices the songs have been part of and how identity formations with songs have changed over time. Other sub-questions are how songs from other cultures have been picked up by Estonia-Swedes and what impact these songs have had on identity formations. A final set of sub-questions aims to shed light on the actors, who initiated and promoted Estonia-Swedish identity formations with songs as a tool, and the ideological bases and purposes that guided their activities.
Musical practices are approached in broadly, including activities such as singing, collecting lyrics in songbooks, listening to songs, writing about song performances, and remembering songs. A consistent feature is that cultural identity formation is seen as a processual, multi-layered process. The focus is on finding out where, when, how and by whom Estonia-Swedishness is formed, expressed or strengthened with songs. The analysed identity formations occur mainly in four different social spheres: the individual, the subcultural, the local/domestic and the regional. Beyond the spheres individuals experience in everyday interactions, there is evidence of broader imaginative spheres such as the Pan-Swedish.
The core of the research material consists of three sets of songs that differ from each other in terms of use and function. The three sets of songs can be categorized as a singer-songwriter’s songs, traditional wedding-songs and songs in handwritten songbooks. The analysis is based on reconstructions of the songs’ social settings. For this reason, supplementary research material has been collected from archives, printed sources and through interviews and email correspondence. In analyses of communication acts within social settings, three main kinds of song use occurred: song publication, song performance and entering lyrics in songbooks by hand.
The first article, “Ett värdefullt arv till kommande generationer av estlandssvenskar”: En analys av kulturarvsprocesser kring utgåvor med visdiktaren Mats Ekmans visor [“A Valuable Heritage for Future Generations of Estonia-Swedes”: An Analysis of the Cultural Heritage Processes Surrounding the Publications of Songs by the Singer-Songwriter Mats Ekman], analyzes the emergence of cultural memory and cultural heritage processes on the basis of publications of an Estonia-Swedish singer-songwriter’s lyrics after the majority of the population group migrated to Sweden during World War II.
The second article, Estlandssvenskar på Sverigeturné med körsång och ett bondbröllop på Skansen: En analys av en svenskspråkigs minoritets musikaliska bilder av sin kulturella tillhörighet under mellankrigstiden [Estonia-Swedes on Tour in Sweden with Choir-Singing and a Farmers’ Wedding in Skansen: An Analysis of a Swedish-Speaking Minority’s Musical Self-Images of its Cultural Belongings during the Interwar Period] is an analysis of reconstructed social settings in which wedding-songs were first collected, later used on stage during a tour in Sweden and finally described in newspapers. The title of the dissertation, “they were strangers and still kinsmen”, is a quote from one of the articles published in 1930 after performances in Sweden. Seen as a whole, the tour expresses two cultural belongings: pan Swedish and Estonia-Swedish.
In the third article, Visböcker i kulturella gränsland. Gemenskaper i estlandssvenskars handskrivna visböcker [Songbooks in Cultural Borderlands. Communities in Estonia-Swedes’ Handwritten Songbooks], the focus is on how Estonia-Swedes got in contact with other cultures while creating songbooks with lyrics in standard Swedish and Estonian. Spiritual songs are mainly in Swedish but the songbooks with profane songs become increasingly bilingual during the 1920s and 1930s. The concluding part of the article shows that the spiritual lyrics are a sign of connection with a Christian Pan-Swedishness while the profane lyrics are signs of multiple convergences with popular youth culture in Sweden, Swedish-speaking Finland, and Estonian-speaking Estonia.
In the discussion section, I first focus on themes that have become actualised in the study: Estonia-Swedes’ identity formation with songs in the light of cultural uniformity, cultural distance, and cultural continuity. Finally, I also discuss what kind of identity-forming tool songs have shown to be.