Laboratory Studies on Aqueous Absorption and High Temperature Chemistry of NOx and SOx in Thermal Conversion of Biomass Waste
Schmid, Daniel (2023-05-05)
Schmid, Daniel
Åbo Akademi - Åbo Akademi University
05.05.2023
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https://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-952-12-4273-1
https://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-952-12-4273-1
Abstract
In order to fulfill the transition to a climate neutral economy and society, various renewable energy sources are needed to replace fossil fuels. Thermal conversion of biomass waste streams plays an important role in this transition. From a circular economy point of view, thermal conversion of valuable biomass materials, e.g. wood, is undesired. However, biomass waste streams, e.g. from agriculture and forest industry, which cannot be recycled or re-used can be valorized by recovering energy and valuable elements via thermal conversion. Thermal conversion of biomass waste is connected to various challenges due to their chemical and physical nature. Nitrogen and alkali metals are common components in biomass waste. In thermal conversion, nitrogen partly forms NOx emissions, which are harmful to the environment. Hence, NOx needs to be removed from the flue gases. The alkali in the biomass can cause deposit formation and corrosion on metal surfaces. In order to minimize high-temperature corrosion, biomass-fired boilers use lower steam temperatures as compared to e.g. coal fired boilers, which reduces the electrical efficiency of biomass-fired boilers. To reduce corrosion issues, corrosive alkali compounds such as alkali chlorides or hydroxides need to be captured in less corrosive forms, e.g. alkali sulfates.
The present work focuses on various aspects of the nitrogen and sulfur chemistry in thermal conversion processes using biomass waste streams. The formation of NOx and NOx precursors was studied for the thermal conversion of pre-treated bark and straw. The sulfation of sodium salts with SO₂ has been investigated in post-flame conditions. Regarding NOx removal from flue gases, NO₂ absorption in aqueous solutions with sulfite and thiosulfate has been studied.
Combustion and devolatilization experiments for the investigation of NOx emissions were performed in a single particle reactor consisting of an electrically heated quartz tube reactor. Single biomass particles were combusted (3% O₂/rest N₂) or devolatilized (100% N₂) in the reactor. Pre-treated bark samples had a lower fuel-N to NO conversion as compared to the raw bark, while pre-treated straw samples had higher fuel-N to NO conversions. During the char conversion, washed samples had the highest conversion for both straw and bark. This was explained by the catalytic effect of ash forming elements in reducing NO emissions during char conversion. The ash forming elements also influenced the NOx precursor formation during devolatilization. Samples with higher calcium contents showed higher NH₃ formation tendencies during devolatilization. The split between NH₃ and HCN also seems to be affected by the fuel-N and fuel-H content.
Sodium sulfation experiments were performed in a multi-jet burner, which provided well-controlled post-flame conditions at 850 to 1475 °C. NaOH(g) or NaCl(g) and SO₂ were fed separately to the combustion environment were the sulfation reactions took place. The sodium salts were fed with a resulting gas phase concentration of 20 ppm, and SO₂ with 0–150 ppm. The concentrations of NaOH(g) and NaCl(g) were quantified using broadband UV absorption spectroscopy to follow the degree of sulfation. At temperatures above 1275 °C, almost no sulfation of NaOH(g) was observed, while most of the NaOH(g) was sulfated at 985 °C and below. The sulfation of NaCl(g) occurred to a much lower extent as compared at NaOH(g). At 850 °C, around half of the NaCl(g) was sulfated with 150 ppm SO₂. Chemical equilibrium calculations and kinetic modeling results were compared to the experimental results. At the highest investigated temperatures, the system could be described by chemical equilibrium. At 1115 °C and below, the measured concentrations were in good agreement with the kinetic model for NaOH(g). In the case of NaCl(g), the kinetic model over-predicted the degree of sulfation. The combined experimental data, chemical equilibrium calculations and kinetic modeling support that sulfation of alkali species can occur in the gas phase through homogenous reactions.
NO₂ absorption tests were performed by bubbling test gases with various NO₂ concentrations with and without air through aqueous solutions containing sulfur containing additives. Without the additives, NO₂ was absorbed at low rates in water, i.e. 15% with 50 ppm NO₂ inlet concentration. When sulfite was present in the solution, NO₂ reacted with the sulfite to nitrite at increasingly higher rates. With 1 mM sulfite, the absorption rate increased by 200% as compared to water and by 500% with 10 mM at pH 8. The pH was shown to have a great impact on the performance of the sulfite additive due to the sulfite-bisulfite equilibrium. The absorption efficiency decreased with decreasing pH. Another factor that had a significant influence on the absorption efficiency was the presence of oxygen in the incoming gas. Without oxygen present, sulfite was consumed at a rate proportional to the NO₂ absorption, as sulfite only reacted with NO₂. In the presence of oxygen, however, sulfite was consumed at much higher rates due to radical chain reactions oxidizing sulfite to sulfate. While the sulfite oxidation rate was independent on the oxygen concentration for the investigated conditions (2–10% O₂), the rate increased linearly with the sulfite concentration in the absorption solution. The addition of thiosulfate to the sulfite solution has been shown to effectively reduce the sulfite oxidation, as thiosulfate acts as a radical scavenger. For a 10 mM sulfite solution, the sulfite oxidation rate decreased by 75% with 1 mM thiosulfate.
The present work focuses on various aspects of the nitrogen and sulfur chemistry in thermal conversion processes using biomass waste streams. The formation of NOx and NOx precursors was studied for the thermal conversion of pre-treated bark and straw. The sulfation of sodium salts with SO₂ has been investigated in post-flame conditions. Regarding NOx removal from flue gases, NO₂ absorption in aqueous solutions with sulfite and thiosulfate has been studied.
Combustion and devolatilization experiments for the investigation of NOx emissions were performed in a single particle reactor consisting of an electrically heated quartz tube reactor. Single biomass particles were combusted (3% O₂/rest N₂) or devolatilized (100% N₂) in the reactor. Pre-treated bark samples had a lower fuel-N to NO conversion as compared to the raw bark, while pre-treated straw samples had higher fuel-N to NO conversions. During the char conversion, washed samples had the highest conversion for both straw and bark. This was explained by the catalytic effect of ash forming elements in reducing NO emissions during char conversion. The ash forming elements also influenced the NOx precursor formation during devolatilization. Samples with higher calcium contents showed higher NH₃ formation tendencies during devolatilization. The split between NH₃ and HCN also seems to be affected by the fuel-N and fuel-H content.
Sodium sulfation experiments were performed in a multi-jet burner, which provided well-controlled post-flame conditions at 850 to 1475 °C. NaOH(g) or NaCl(g) and SO₂ were fed separately to the combustion environment were the sulfation reactions took place. The sodium salts were fed with a resulting gas phase concentration of 20 ppm, and SO₂ with 0–150 ppm. The concentrations of NaOH(g) and NaCl(g) were quantified using broadband UV absorption spectroscopy to follow the degree of sulfation. At temperatures above 1275 °C, almost no sulfation of NaOH(g) was observed, while most of the NaOH(g) was sulfated at 985 °C and below. The sulfation of NaCl(g) occurred to a much lower extent as compared at NaOH(g). At 850 °C, around half of the NaCl(g) was sulfated with 150 ppm SO₂. Chemical equilibrium calculations and kinetic modeling results were compared to the experimental results. At the highest investigated temperatures, the system could be described by chemical equilibrium. At 1115 °C and below, the measured concentrations were in good agreement with the kinetic model for NaOH(g). In the case of NaCl(g), the kinetic model over-predicted the degree of sulfation. The combined experimental data, chemical equilibrium calculations and kinetic modeling support that sulfation of alkali species can occur in the gas phase through homogenous reactions.
NO₂ absorption tests were performed by bubbling test gases with various NO₂ concentrations with and without air through aqueous solutions containing sulfur containing additives. Without the additives, NO₂ was absorbed at low rates in water, i.e. 15% with 50 ppm NO₂ inlet concentration. When sulfite was present in the solution, NO₂ reacted with the sulfite to nitrite at increasingly higher rates. With 1 mM sulfite, the absorption rate increased by 200% as compared to water and by 500% with 10 mM at pH 8. The pH was shown to have a great impact on the performance of the sulfite additive due to the sulfite-bisulfite equilibrium. The absorption efficiency decreased with decreasing pH. Another factor that had a significant influence on the absorption efficiency was the presence of oxygen in the incoming gas. Without oxygen present, sulfite was consumed at a rate proportional to the NO₂ absorption, as sulfite only reacted with NO₂. In the presence of oxygen, however, sulfite was consumed at much higher rates due to radical chain reactions oxidizing sulfite to sulfate. While the sulfite oxidation rate was independent on the oxygen concentration for the investigated conditions (2–10% O₂), the rate increased linearly with the sulfite concentration in the absorption solution. The addition of thiosulfate to the sulfite solution has been shown to effectively reduce the sulfite oxidation, as thiosulfate acts as a radical scavenger. For a 10 mM sulfite solution, the sulfite oxidation rate decreased by 75% with 1 mM thiosulfate.