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Once or Twice a Month? The Impact of Payment Frequency on Spending Behavior
VATT Working Papers : 147 (Valtion taloudellinen tutkimuskeskus, 23.09.2022)We study how the frequency of income payments affects consumption and spending behavior using plausibly exogenous variation across Finnish pension benefit recipients with different surname initials. We find that twice-a-month ... -
One or Two Tiers of Local Government? – The Cost Effects of a Regional Experiment
VATT Working Papers : 65 (Valtion taloudellinen tutkimuskeskus VATT, 24.09.2015)This paper evaluates the cost effects of a Finnish regional self-government experiment. The experiment introduced a new intermediate tier of local administration that was given the responsibility to organize 60 per cent ... -
Open or Closed? How List Type Affects Electoral Performance, Candidate Selection, and Campaign Effort
VATT Working Papers : 120 (Valtion taloudellinen tutkimuskeskus, 12.07.2019)What effect does using open (as opposed to closed) lists in proportional representation elections have on party performance and the quality of candidate selection? We provide novel evidence by studying local elections in ... -
Optimal Patent Policy for Pharmaceutical Industry
VATT Working Papers : 131 (Valtion taloudellinen tutkimuskeskus, 20.05.2020)We show how characterizing optimal patent policy for the pharmaceutical industry only requires information about generic producers’ responses to changes in the effective duration and scope of new drug patents. To estimate ... -
The optimal tax treatment of housing capital in the neoclassical growth model
VATT Working Papers : 3 (Valtion taloudellinen tutkimuskeskus VATT, 30.03.2009)In a dynamic setting, housing capital is both an asset and a consumption good. But should it be taxed like other forms of consumption or like other forms of capital? We analyze this question by considering the taxation of ... -
Paying Moms to Stay Home: Short and Long Run Effects on Parents and Children
VATT Working Papers : 151 (Valtion taloudellinen tutkimuskeskus, 29.11.2022)We study the impacts of a policy designed to reward mothers who stay at home rather than join the labor force when their children are under age three. We use regional and over time variation in child home care allowance ... -
Physician Prices and Competition: Evidence from Acquisitions in the Private Health Care Sector
VATT Working Papers : 130 (Valtion taloudellinen tutkimuskeskus, 30.04.2020)We consider the effects of mergers and acquisitions for private physicians, who compete for patients on price. To estimate the effects, we use nationwide administrative data on private physicians and the organization of ... -
Political Representation and Effects of Municipal Mergers
VATT Working Papers : 98 (Valtion taloudellinen tutkimuskeskus, 18.10.2017)We study the effects of municipal mergers using novel geocoded data on public sector jobs, housing transactions and local politicians’ place of residence. We find that total municipal expenditures evolve in the same way ... -
Primary Effect in Open-List Elections
VATT Working Papers : 79 (Valtion taloudellinen tutkimuskeskus VATT, 07.09.2016)We study how political parties select political leaders. Using regression discontinuity design and data from Finnish local elections, we find that parties use vote ranks to decide upon promotions. Moreover, we show that ... -
Profit shifting of multinational enterprises: evidence from the Nordics
VATT Working Papers : 155 (Valtion taloudellinen tutkimuskeskus, 16.05.2023)This paper studies how Nordic multinational enterprises (MNEs) react to tax incentives generated by international corporate income tax rate differences and shift profit to low tax countries. A firm level panel data set ... -
Public Employees as Politicians: Evidence from Close Elections
VATT Working Papers : 78 (Valtion taloudellinen tutkimuskeskus VATT, 27.09.2016)We analyze the effect of municipal employees' political representation in municipal councils on local public spending. To quantify the effect, we use within-party, as-good-as random variation in close elections in the ... -
Public Procurement versus Laissez-Faire: Evidence from Household Waste Collection
VATT Working Papers : 113 (Valtion taloudellinen tutkimuskeskus, 20.12.2018)We document that switching from laissez-faire production to public procurement in residential waste collection in Finland reduces the number of firms active in the local market, but induces a statistically significant and ... -
RD, investment and structural change in Finland: Is low investment a problem?
VATT Working Papers : 6 (Valtion taloudellinen tutkimuskeskus VATT, 10.06.2009)Low aggregate investment in Finland has been argued to merely reflect structural change to an innovation economy, with high R&D levels adequately compensating for reduced physical investment. This paper briefly reviews the ... -
Reconciling the evidence of Card and Krueger (1994) and Neumark and Wascher (2000)
VATT Working Papers : 24 (Valtion taloudellinen tutkimuskeskus VATT, 29.04.2011)We employ the original Card and Krueger (1994) and Neumark and Wascher (2000) data together with the changes-in-changes (CIC) estimator to re-examine the evidence of the effect of minimum wages on employment. Our study ... -
Regionalization and its effects in Finland – a regional AGE modelling analysis
VATT Working Papers : 45 (VATT Institute for Economic ResearchValtion taloudellinen tutkimuskeskus VATT, 10.04.2013)Regional structural change is currently among the greatest challenges facing the public sector in many EU countries. In countries like Finland, where the public sectors have a large role in providing educational, health ... -
Removing Welfare Traps: Employment Responses in the Finnish Basic Income Experiment
VATT Working Papers : 142 (Valtion taloudellinen tutkimuskeskus, 17.03.2021)This paper provides evidence that replacing minimum unemployment benefits with a basic income of equal size has minor employment effects at best. We examine an experiment in Finland in which 2,000 benefit recipients were ... -
Resource and Environmental Policies for the Mining Industry: What Should Governments Do About the Increasing Social and Environmental Risks?
VATT Working Papers : 137 (Valtion taloudellinen tutkimuskeskus, 29.12.2020)Growing demand for materials required in the construction of renewable technologies and zeroemission infrastructure may signal significant changes for the minerals and metals market. These in turn might exacerbate the ... -
Restaurant VAT cut: Cheaper meal and more service?
VATT Working Papers : 52 (Valtion taloudellinen tutkimuskeskus VATT, 09.10.2013)This paper provides causally plausible estimates of the effects of consumption taxes in a service sector on prices and demand for restaurant services. We utilize a large VAT reform affecting restaurant meals, where the VAT ... -
The role of information in tax compliance: Evidence from a natural field experiment
VATT Working Papers : 48 (Valtion taloudellinen tutkimuskeskus VATT, 16.09.2013)It is challenging to distinguish the role of information in tax compliance from other factors affecting it. This paper utilizes a novel natural field experiment design to study the issue. In the experiment firms reporting ... -
School starting age, maternal age at birth, and child outcomes
VATT Working Papers : 139 (Valtion taloudellinen tutkimuskeskus, 23.02.2021)This paper analyses the effects of maternal school starting age and maternal age-at-birth on children’s short and long-term outcomes using Finnish register data. We exploit a school-starting-age rule for identification. ...
